Abstract

This review evaluates the scientific evidence suggesting that urological factors increase the efficiency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and discusses the important urological manifestations of HIV infection. Level 1 evidence suggests that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are substantially associated with an increased risk of HIV infection. Several randomized controlled trials show that improved STI control can play a vital role in comprehensive programs to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. However, there is limited evidence that control of STIs reduces HIV incidence at a population level. HIV has become a chronic manageable condition thanks to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Urologists face a challenge in trying to manage the genitourinary manifestations of HIV infection.

• Keywords: HIV infection, Sexually transmitted infection, Transmission, Urology