Urogenital Tract Infection

Review Article

Mechanistic Insights Into Persistent Bacterial Cystitis as a Basis for Vaccine Development: A Narrative Review: Karen Serrano-Arevalo, Manisha Naskar, Hae Woong Choi; Urogenit Tract Infect 2024;19(3):60-72. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2448022011

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are primarily caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which frequently lead to recurrent infections. These bacteria utilize several strategies to establish infection in the host; in particular, virulence factors such as fimbriae and α-hemolysin facilitate persistent infection, evade host immune responses, and minimize antibiotic exposure. To date, antibiotics have been the primary treatment for UTIs. However, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the need for UTI vaccines, with mucosal vaccine products now available in several countries. Additionally, vaccines targeting intracellular UPEC, utilizing adjuvants, are currently under development. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of uropathogens has enabled the development of new treatment approaches, paving the way for next-generation preventive and therapeutic methods that could effectively manage recurrent UTIs in the future.

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Review

A New Strategy for Elimination of Human Paplloma Virus-related Disease after Human Papillomavirus Vaccines Introduction: Yoo-Jin Park, Tae-Hee Kim, Hae-Hyeog Lee, Jun-Mo Kim; Urogenit Tract Infect 2020;15(3):63-70. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2020.15.3.63

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted diseases in male and female. The most common HPV types include HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58. Bivalent (bHPV), quadrivalent (qHPV), and nonavalent (nHPV) vaccines, have been developed worldwide to protect against HPV infections. This paper describes the worldwide trends in HPV infections after HPV vaccination and shows the progressive changes in national HPV vaccination programs toward gender-neutral vaccination (GNV). This review article is based on original and review articles on the HPV-associated disease burden and nationwide vaccination trends. In Korea, epidemiology studies have shown a decline in the incidence of cervical cancer from 16.3% (in 1999) to 9.1% (in 2015). Interestingly, based on the 2019 annual report from Korean Center for Disease Control, the incidence of anogenital warts increased in both sexes during 2014-2018 and was 2.6 times higher in male than female in 2018. These results indicate the good efficacy of HPV vaccinations against both diseases in female. Other studies suggest that GNV would almost eliminate the risks of HPV-associated diseases in most countries, compared to female-only vaccination. HPV vaccine coverage remains lower in male in Korea despite the vaccine efficacy in both sexes and the worldwide GNV trend. Scaling up HPV vaccination in both sexes should be encouraged. Furthermore, removing the HPV-attributable burden through nHPV vaccination could be considered, showing that HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, which are not covered by bHPV and qHPV, are as prevalent as HPV 6, 11, 16, 18.

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