Urogenital Tract Infection

Differences in Urine Microbiome of Acute Cystitis and Chronic Recurrent Cystitis in Women: Woong Bin Kim; Urogenit Tract Infect 2023;18(1):1-7. Published online April 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2023.18.1.1

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) relies on urine culture tests to identify aerobic or anaerobic urinary tract pathogens. This method has limitations in identifying anaerobic bacteria, and there is uncertainty in identifying all bacteria. A new next-generation sequencing (NGS) method has gradually helped overcome these limitations, and the microorganisms present in the human urinary tract are gradually being revealed. This review introduces studies on the microbiome analyzed using NGS of urine from patients with acute cystitis and recurrent UTIs and discusses whether NGS may reveal the pathophysiology of the disease.

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The Urinary Microbiome: A Pediatric Urological Perspective: Sang Don Lee, Jae Min Chung; Urogenit Tract Infect 2022;17(3):61-70. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2022.17.3.61

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The human microbiome is currently being studied with increasing interest. The microbiome refers to the microorganisms living in the body and their genetic information. The human body is known to contain 1.3 to 10 times more microorganisms than human cells. The Human Microbiome Project was started in 2007 to characterize the human microbiome and analyze its role in human health and diseases. Based on the recent microbiome literature, alterations in the microbiome are associated with several non-urological diseases in pediatrics, such as infantile colic, necrotizing enterocolitis, asthma, atopy, obesity, type-1 diabetes, autism, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and bronchial asthma. While some urinary microbiome studies (including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, interstitial cystitis, urge urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, stone disease, and urinary tract infections) have been conducted in adults, there are very few pediatric urinary microbiome studies. This study reviews the role of the urinary microbiome in urinary tract diseases from a pediatric urological perspective.

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The Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Urological Diseases: Hee Jo Yang, Doo Sang Kim; Urogenit Tract Infect 2022;17(1):8-13. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2022.17.1.8

The gut microbiome, believed to serve as a second genome within the human body, is involved in the regulation of several metabolic processes. These include human gene expression, development, nutrition and homeostasis. Dysbiosis, is an imbalance in the gut microbiome, which is known to be associated with various disease conditions such as Crohn's disease and Clostridium infections. The gut microbiota communicates with the host through a variety of biomolecules, nutrient signal-independent pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms. The gut microbiota supports the digestion and absorption of food, metabolizes fiber into bioactive short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), produces vitamins and nutrients, maintains gut integrity, and modulates host immunity. Among the above, there has been great interest in SCFA in microbiome research due to its beneficial effects on the intestinal barrier function and systemic anti-inflammatory effects. Recent reports have also indicated the role of SCFA in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. While SCFA are associated with reduced risk of various diseases, dysbiosis and altered SCFA fermentative pathways could result in disease. This article is a review on the role of SCFA in urological diseases.

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Role of microbiome and its metabolite, short chain fatty acid in prostate cancer
Hee Jo Yang, Jae Heon Kim
Investigative and Clinical Urology.2023; 64(1): 3. CrossRef
The Urinary Microbiome; Axis Crosstalk and Short-Chain Fatty Acid
Hee Jo Yang, Doo Sang Kim, Kwang Woo Lee, Young Ho Kim
Diagnostics.2022; 12(12): 3119. CrossRef

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Microbiome Analysis Using Next-Generation Sequencing in Urinary Tract Infections: Hyunho Han, Joo Yong Lee; Urogenit Tract Infect 2022;17(1):1-7. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2022.17.1.1

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In recent decades, the understanding of the genetic information of microbes and hosts has advanced considerably with the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS). For infectious diseases, genomic analysis can provide valuable information on the host disease susceptibility, microbial pathogenicity, and drug sensitivity. For urinary tract infections (UTI), NGS can reveal the pathogenic microbe and the dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome, which is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of UTI and other urinary tract disorders. This review outlines the role of urinary microbiome dysbiosis in UTI, urinary stone disease, and cancer. Furthermore, the recent advances in NGS technologies for future applications in infectious disease research are described in detail.

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Next-Generation Sequencing Supports Targeted Antibiotic Treatment for Culture Negative Orthopedic Infections
Ellie J C Goldstein, Ravina Kullar, Emanuele Chisari, James Snyder, Christopher Cooper, Javad Parvizi, Jason Sniffen
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2023; 76(2): 359. CrossRef

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Impact of the Human Microbiome on Nephrolithiasis: Hae Do Jung, Joo Yong Lee; Urogenit Tract Infect 2021;16(2):25-31. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2021.16.2.25

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Nephrolithiasis has many causes, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. The interest in the human microbiome is growing because of the advance of new diagnostic techniques, and recent studies have suggested a link between the microbiome and nephrolithiasis. This paper reviewed the role of the microbiome in nephrolithiasis. The absence of Oxalobacter formigenes induces hyperoxaluria, which promotes calcium oxalate stone (CaOx) formation. Escherichia coli promote CaOx supersaturation through hypocitraturia caused by the bacterial production of citrate lyase. Infection stones are associated with urea-splitting organisms, particularly Proteus mirabilis, and the stones themselves contain many species of bacteria.

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Chronic kidney disease and gut microbiota
Siamak Amini Khiabani, Mohammad Asgharzadeh, Hossein Samadi Kafil
Heliyon.2023; 9(8): e18991. CrossRef

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